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</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org" style="font-size: 125%;">Optimized Systems Software</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Software Company</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Shepardson_Microsystems" title="Shepardson Microsystems">Shepardson Microsystems</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1981<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1981</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founders</th><td class="infobox-data agent">Bill Wilkinson<br>Mike Peters<br>Paul Laughton<br>Kathleen O'Brien</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Defunct</th><td class="infobox-data">January 1988<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="dtend">1988-01</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fate</th><td class="infobox-data">Merged</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data">ICD</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="ib-company-locality locality"><a href="Cupertino%2C_California" title="Cupertino, California">Cupertino, California</a><sup id="cite_ref-atari_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atari-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>Optimized Systems Software</b> (<b>OSS</b>) was a company that produced <a href="Disk_operating_system" title="Disk operating system">disk operating systems</a>, <a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a> with integrated development environments, and applications primarily for <a href="Atari_8-bit_computers" title="Atari 8-bit computers">Atari 8-bit computers</a>. The founders of OSS previously developed <a href="Atari_DOS" title="Atari DOS">Atari DOS</a>, <a href="Atari_BASIC" title="Atari BASIC">Atari BASIC</a>, and the <a href="Atari_Assembler_Editor" title="Atari Assembler Editor">Atari Assembler Editor</a> for <a href="Atari%2C_Inc." title="Atari, Inc.">Atari, Inc.</a>, and many OSS products are substantially improved versions. <span class="nowrap">OS A+</span> and <a href="DOS_XL" title="DOS XL">DOS XL</a> are based on Atari DOS. <a href="BASIC_A%2B" title="BASIC A+">BASIC A+</a>, BASIC XL, and BASIC XE are based on Atari BASIC. EASMD and <a href="MAC/65" title="MAC/65">MAC/65</a> are modeled on the <a href="Atari_Assembler_Editor" title="Atari Assembler Editor">Atari Assembler Editor</a>. <a href="Action!_(programming_language)" title="Action! (programming language)">Action!</a> is an <a href="ALGOL" title="ALGOL">ALGOL</a>-inspired compiled programming language with an integrated full-screen editor. OSS also sold some software for the <a href="Apple_II" title="Apple II">Apple II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-finest_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-finest-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>OSS transitioned to the <a href="Atari_ST" title="Atari ST">Atari ST</a> with Personal Pascal<sup id="cite_ref-ppmanual_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ppmanual-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="Mac_(computer)" title="Mac (computer)">Mac</a> with Personal Prolog (which was also advertised for the Atari ST, but may not have been released). OSS was not as significant in those markets. The company merged with ICD in 1988.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>Optimized Systems Software was formed in early 1981 by Bill Wilkinson, Mike Peters, Paul Laughton, and Kathleen O'Brien.<sup id="cite_ref-savetz_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-savetz-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Laughton, the primary author of <a href="Atari_BASIC" title="Atari BASIC">Atari BASIC</a>, was still employed by Atari, Inc. at the time, and had permission to be involved with OSS from his manager. O'Brien wrote the <a href="Atari_Assembler_Editor" title="Atari Assembler Editor">Atari Assembler Editor</a> for Atari. Laughton and O'Brien (married) were not as involved with the company and were bought out by Peters and Wilkinson.

</p><p>OSS purchased Atari BASIC, <a href="Atari_DOS" title="Atari DOS">Atari DOS</a>, and Atari Assembler Editor from <a href="Shepardson_Microsystems" title="Shepardson Microsystems">Shepardson Microsystems</a> who had concluded that their versions of BASIC and DOS were not viable. The new company enhanced the programs, renaming them OS/A+ (the Disk Operating System), BASIC A+ (a disk-based language), and EASMD (an update to the Assembler Editor). OSS continued to work with <a href="Atari%2C_Inc." title="Atari, Inc.">Atari, Inc.</a> (who had previously contracted with SMI) on enhanced products, most of which never reached the market.

</p><p>OSS debuted at the <a href="West_Coast_Computer_Faire" title="West Coast Computer Faire">West Coast Computer Faire</a> in March 1981. The products they released over the next several years became respected among Atari programmers, particularly the <a href="MAC/65" title="MAC/65">MAC/65</a> assembler, the <a href="Action!_(programming_language)" title="Action! (programming language)">Action!</a> programming language, and BASIC XL. In a 1984 interview, Bill Wilkinson said the company consisted of 15 people.<sup id="cite_ref-ellison_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ellison-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In January 1988, OSS merged with ICD (the makers of <a href="SpartaDOS" class="mw-redirect" title="SpartaDOS">SpartaDOS</a> and various Atari computer hardware add-ons). In 1994, Fine Tooned Engineering obtained limited rights to ICD's 8-bit products before disappearing.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disk_Operating_Systems">Disk Operating Systems</h2></div>

<p>Atari <i>DOS 2.0S</i> consisted of two portions, a memory-resident portion that facilitated access to disk files by programs, and a disk-resident portion providing menu-driven utilities to format, copy, delete, rename, and otherwise manipulate files on Atari's 810 disk drive. The menu system was too large to keep memory-resident, but the necessity to reload the menu system after every program was frustrating to many users.

</p>

<ul><li><i>OS/A+ 2.0, 2.1</i> was a disk-based replacement for the Atari DOS and the Apple II DOS. It replaced the menu-driven utilities with a compact command line approach similar to <a href="CP/M" title="CP/M">CP/M</a> (and later, <a href="MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a>). The command line was small enough to remain in memory with most applications, removing the need for the dreaded post-program reload. When first introduced at the West Coast Computer Faire, the program was named CP/A, but a lawyer from <a href="Digital_Research" title="Digital Research">Digital Research</a> (owners of CP/M) visited the booth and the name was changed. OSS couldn't have afforded even a court filing fee.</li>

<li><i>OS/A+ 4.1</i> OSS extended the successful OS/A+ product with additional capabilities for version 4, many of which were arguably ahead of their time. For example, the strict "8.3" naming scheme (eight alphanumeric characters with a three character extension) was replaced by "long" filenames, similar to the Microsoft DOS transition to <a href="File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">VFAT</a> in 1995.</li></ul>

<p>However, unlike VFAT, <i>OS/A+ 4.1</i> disks were not <a href="Backward_compatible" class="mw-redirect" title="Backward compatible">backward compatible</a> with earlier systems; Atari DOS or <i>OS/A+ 2.1</i> could not read disks formatted by <i>OS/A+ 4.1</i>, breaking backward compatibility. The <a href="Memory_footprint" title="Memory footprint">memory footprint</a> was larger as well, resulting in insufficient memory to run some popular applications. As a result of these drawbacks, <i>OS/A+ 4.1</i> did not achieve the market penetration as the earlier product. OSS did reissue <i>OS/A+ 4.1</i> for a brief period when they decided not to modify <i>DOS XL</i> for double-sided disk support.

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="DOS_XL" title="DOS XL">DOS XL</a></div>

<p><a href="DOS_XL" title="DOS XL">DOS XL</a> was designed to replace <i>OS/A+</i>. Included support for single and double-density disk drives. Utilized the command-prompt of <i>OS/A+</i> but also included a menu program. Featured extensions that took advantage of unused memory space in Atari XL/XE computers and OSS supercartridges. Included support for Indus GT Synchromesh. Due to lack of demand and Atari working on a new version of DOS, OSS decided to halt development of <i>DOS XL 4</i> and reissue <i>OS/A+</i> version 4.1.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="BASIC">BASIC</h2></div>

<p>The team that developed Atari BASIC while at Shepherdson Microsystems developed a series of three increasingly sophisticated <a href="BASIC_interpreter" title="BASIC interpreter">BASIC interpreters</a> at OSS.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="BASIC_A+">BASIC A+</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="BASIC_A%2B" title="BASIC A+">BASIC A+</a></div>

<p><a href="Atari_BASIC" title="Atari BASIC">Atari BASIC</a> was designed to fit in an 8K cartridge, with an optional cartridge for the second slot of the Atari 800 adding additional capability. The second cartridge was never produced. Instead, OSS produced the disk-based <a href="BASIC_A_Plus" class="mw-redirect" title="BASIC A Plus">BASIC A Plus</a> (or BASIC A+), which is compatible with Atari BASIC, corrects several bugs, and adds many new features. It includes PRINT USING (for formatted output), trace and debug enhancements, direct DOS commands, and explicit support for the graphics hardware including <a href="Sprite_(computer_graphics)" title="Sprite (computer graphics)">player/missile graphics</a>. Because BASIC A+ had to be purchased, programs developed using its extended features could not be shared with people who did not own the interpreter.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="BASIC_XL">BASIC XL</h3></div>

<p>BASIC XL is a bank-selected cartridge version of the language that replaced BASIC A+. It fixes bugs and has even more features. The <b>BASIC XL Toolkit</b> contains additional code and examples for use with the BASIC XL and a runtime package for redistribution.

</p><p>A significant change in BASIC XL is the handling of line number lookups in <a href="GOTO" class="mw-redirect" title="GOTO">GOTO</a>/<a href="GOSUB" class="mw-redirect" title="GOSUB">GOSUB</a> and FOR...NEXT loops. In Atari BASIC, any GOTO searches the entire program for the provided line number, and FOR...NEXT loops use the same code. <a href="Microsoft_BASIC" title="Microsoft BASIC">Microsoft BASIC</a> simply jumps to a FOR statement via its address. The BASIC XL FAST command replaces constant targets of GOTO/GOSUB/NEXT with addresses. This gives a huge performance boost, making loops run as fast as Microsoft BASIC, and the program as a whole even faster. The downside is that an address becomes invalid if the program is edited during runtime, preventing it from being CONTinued, unlike Atari BASIC which generally allows this after any edit.

</p><p><i><a href="Antic_(magazine)" title="Antic (magazine)">Antic</a></i> in 1984 stated that "BASIC XL is the fastest and most powerful version of BASIC available for Atari computers", with "exceptional" documentation. The magazine concluded that "This is the language that should be built into Atari computers. Is anyone at Atari listening?"<sup id="cite_ref-antic198403_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-antic198403-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="BASIC_XE">BASIC XE</h3></div>

<p>BASIC XE is an enhanced version of the BASIC XL bank-selected cartridge, with additional functions and high-speed math routines. Because it requires 64KB, it only runs on an XL/XE systems. A runtime package was not released. The <i>BASIC XL</i> runtime can be used, but restricted to XL functions.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assemblers">Assemblers</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="EASMD">EASMD</h3></div>

<p>EASMD (<b>E</b>dit/<b>AS</b>se<b>M</b>ble/<b>D</b>ebug) is the first editor/assembler from OSS. Based on the original <a href="Atari_Assembler_Editor" title="Atari Assembler Editor">Atari Assembler Editor</a>, it was released in 1981 on disk. It was superseded by <a href="MAC/65" title="MAC/65">MAC/65</a>.

</p>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="MAC/65" title="MAC/65">MAC/65</a></div>

<p>MAC/65 is a <a href="MOS_Technology_6502" title="MOS Technology 6502">6502</a> editor and <a href="Assembly_language#Assembler" title="Assembly language">assembler</a> originally released on disk in 1982, then on a bank-switched "supercartridge" in 1983 which includes an integrated debugger (DDT). Like <a href="Atari_BASIC" title="Atari BASIC">Atari BASIC</a>, MAC/65 uses line-numbered <a href="Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a> and tokenizes each line as it is entered. It is significantly faster than Atari's assemblers. The <b>MAC/65 Toolkit</b> disk contains additional code and examples.

</p>

<p>BUG/65 is a machine language <a href="Debugger" title="Debugger">debugger</a>. It was initially included with MAC/65, but the cartridge-based version of the assembler added its own debugger, DDT. BUG/65 was later added to DOS XL.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_languages">Other languages</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Action!">Action!</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Action!_(programming_language)" title="Action! (programming language)">Action! (programming language)</a></div>

<p>A cartridge-based development system for a readable <a href="ALGOL" title="ALGOL">ALGOL</a>-like language that compiles to efficient <a href="MOS_Technology_6502" title="MOS Technology 6502">6502</a> code. <a href="Action!_(programming_language)" title="Action! (programming language)">Action!</a> combines a full-screen editor with a compiler that generates code directly to memory without involving disk access. The language found a niche for being over a hundred times faster than <a href="Atari_BASIC" title="Atari BASIC">Atari BASIC</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but much easier to program in than <a href="Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">assembly language</a>. Compiled Action! programs require the cartridge to be present, because standard <a href="Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">library</a> functions are on the cartridge. The separately available <b>Action! Run-Time Package</b> overcomes this limitation and allows distribution of Action!-compiled projects.

</p><p>The <b>Action! Toolkit</b> (originally called the Programmer's Aid Disk, or PAD) contains additional code and examples for use with the Action! language.

</p>

<p>C/65 is a <a href="Compiler" title="Compiler">compiler</a> developed by LightSpeed Software for a subset of the <a href="C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C programming language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> C/65 outputs assembly source code. An assembler like <a href="MAC/65" title="MAC/65">MAC/65</a> is needed to create an executable file.

</p>

<p>Tiny C, stylized as <b>tiny-c</b>, is an <a href="Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">interpreter</a> for a subset of the <a href="C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C programming language</a>; it was developed by Tiny C Associates.<sup id="cite_ref-finest_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-finest-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_Pascal">Personal Pascal</h3></div>

<p>A one-pass, <a href="Machine_code" title="Machine code">machine code</a> generating compiler for the <a href="Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a> language developed by J. Lohse for the Atari ST and released by OSS in 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-ppmanual_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ppmanual-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It came with a 500+ page manual.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Writer's_Tool">The Writer's Tool</h3></div>

<p>A word processing application available in a bank-selected cartridge and a double-sided disk (master disk on one side, dictionary disk on the other side).<sup id="cite_ref-wt-antic_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wt-antic-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was developed by Madison Micro and published by OSS in 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-wt_manual_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wt_manual-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Bill Wilkinson, OSS was already building a word processor, but stopped when <i>The Writer's Tool</i> was submitted.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SpeedRead+">SpeedRead+</h3></div>

<p>SpeedRead+ is a <a href="Speed_reading" title="Speed reading">speed reading</a> tutor developed for the Atari 8-bit and Apple II computers.<sup id="cite_ref-finest_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-finest-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sales">Sales</h2></div>

<p>According to Bill Wilkinson, OSS sold about 12,000 copies of <i>Basic XL</i> before the ICD merger. <i>Basic XL</i> outsold <i>Action!</i> by about 2.5 or 3 to 1. <i>MAC/65</i> outsold <i>Action!</i> by about 1.5 to 1. <i>Basic XE</i> sold poorly and lost money. Personal Pascal sold over 10,000 copies.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atariarchives.org/iad/introduction.php">"Inside Atari DOS - Introduction"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-finest-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-finest_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-finest_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-finest_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atarimania.com/pubs/hi_res/First_and_Finest_In_Systems_Software_1982_ad.jpg">"The First and Finest (OSS magazine ad)"</a>. <i>Atari Mania</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ppmanual-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ppmanual_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ppmanual_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/OSSPersonalPascal">"Personal Pascal for the Atari ST Manual"</a>. <i>archive.org</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-savetz-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-savetz_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSavetz2014" class="citation web cs1">Savetz, Kevin (October 21, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ataripodcast.libsyn.com/antic-the-atari-8-bit-podcast-paul-laughton-interview">"Paul Laughton Interview"</a>. <i>ANTIC: The Atari 8-Bit Podcast</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ellison-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ellison_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEllison1984" class="citation journal cs1">Ellison, Peter (August 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ROM_Magazine_v1i7/page/n12">"Bill Wilkinson Interview"</a>. <i>ROM</i>. <b>1</b> (7): 13.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-antic198403-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-antic198403_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1984" class="citation magazine cs1">White, Jerry (March 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atarimagazines.com/v2n12/productreviews.html">"Product Reviews"</a>. <i>Antic</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMoriarty1984" class="citation journal cs1">Moriarty, Brian (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170627190315/http://www.cyberroach.com/analog/an16/action.htm">"A New Langue for the Atari!"</a>. <i>ANALOG Computing</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cyberroach.com/analog/an16/action.htm">the original</a> on 2017-06-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-08-01</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atarimania.com/utility-atari-400-800-xl-xe-c-65_19204.html">"C/65"</a>. <i>Atari Mania</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-wt-antic-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wt-antic_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRainbow1985" class="citation journal cs1">Rainbow, Tom (March 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atarimagazines.com/v3n11/reviews.html">"8-bit Product Reviews: Writer's Tool"</a>. <i>Antic</i>. <b>3</b> (11).</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-wt_manual-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wt_manual_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atarimania.com/8bit/manuals/The_Writers_Tool_manual.pdf"><i>The Writer's Tool Manual</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Optimized Systems Software, Inc. 1984.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ataripodcast.libsyn.com/antic-interview-7-the-atari-8-bit-podcast-bill-wilkinson-oss">"Interview 7: Bill Wilkinson"</a>. <i>ANTIC The Atari 8-bit Podcast</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl>

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<ul><li>Wilkinson, Bill (1983). <i>The Atari BASIC Source Book</i>. Compute! Books. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-942386-15-9</bdi>.</li>

<li><i>A User's Guide and Reference Manual for DOS XL 2.30</i>, 1983</li>

<li><i>OSS Newsletter - Spring 1984</i></li>

<li><i>OSS Newsletter - October 1984</i></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://retrobits.net/">Dan's tribute to OSS</a> — A site dedicated to the products produced for Atari 8-bit computers by Optimized Systems Software.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laughton.com/paul/abps/oss/oss.html">The Atari 400/800 and OSS</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atarimagazines.com/v4n9/basicxe.html">Antic Vol. 4, No. 9 - Jan 1986</a> Basic XE from O.S.S. (Product Review)</li></ul>

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</style><div id="Dialects_of_the_BASIC_programming_language_(list)202" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Dialects of the <a href="BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a> programming language (<a href="List_of_BASIC_dialects" title="List of BASIC dialects">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Microsoft_BASIC" title="Microsoft BASIC">Microsoft BASIC</a></li>

<li>TRS-80 BASICs (<a href="Level_I_BASIC" title="Level I BASIC">Level I</a>, <a href="TRS-80_Level_II_BASIC" class="mw-redirect" title="TRS-80 Level II BASIC">Level II/III</a>)</li>

<li>Thomson <a href="Microsoft_Basic_1.0" title="Microsoft Basic 1.0">BASIC 1.0</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="TI-BASIC" title="TI-BASIC">TI-BASIC (calculators)</a></li>

<li><a href="TI_Extended_BASIC" class="mw-redirect" title="TI Extended BASIC">TI Extended BASIC</a> (aka XBasic)</li>

<li><a href="TI-BASIC_83" title="TI-BASIC 83">TI-BASIC 83</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="HP_Time-Shared_BASIC" title="HP Time-Shared BASIC">HP Time-Shared BASIC</a></li>

<li><a href="Rocky_Mountain_BASIC" title="Rocky Mountain BASIC">Rocky Mountain BASIC</a></li>

<li><a href="HP_Time-Shared_BASIC" title="HP Time-Shared BASIC">HP Basic</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Locomotive_Software" title="Locomotive Software">Locomotive Software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Locomotive_BASIC" title="Locomotive BASIC">Locomotive BASIC</a></li>

<li><a href="Mallard_BASIC" title="Mallard BASIC">Mallard BASIC</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Microcomputer" title="Microcomputer">Microcomputers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Atom_BASIC" class="mw-redirect" title="Atom BASIC">Atom BASIC</a></li>

<li><a href="Integer_BASIC" title="Integer BASIC">Integer BASIC</a></li>

<li><a href="North_Star_BASIC" title="North Star BASIC">North Star BASIC</a></li>

<li><a href="SCELBAL" title="SCELBAL">SCELBAL</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Minicomputer" title="Minicomputer">Minicomputers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="BASIC-11" title="BASIC-11">BASIC-11</a></li>

<li><a href="Business_Basic" title="Business Basic">Business Basic</a> (<a href="B32_Business_Basic" title="B32 Business Basic">B32</a>, <a href="Data_General_Business_Basic" title="Data General Business Basic">Data General</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Data_General_Extended_BASIC" title="Data General Extended BASIC">Data General Extended BASIC</a></li>

<li><a href="Southampton_BASIC_System" title="Southampton BASIC System">Southampton BASIC System</a></li>

<li><a href="Wang_BASIC" title="Wang BASIC">Wang BASIC</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Time-sharing" title="Time-sharing">Time-sharing</a> computers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="BASIC-PLUS" title="BASIC-PLUS">BASIC-PLUS</a></li>

<li>Extra! Basic Macro Language</li>

<li><a href="VSI_BASIC_for_OpenVMS" title="VSI BASIC for OpenVMS">VSI BASIC for OpenVMS</a></li>

<li><a href="SUPER_BASIC" title="SUPER BASIC">SUPER BASIC</a></li>

<li><a href="CALL/360%3ABASIC" title="CALL/360:BASIC">CALL/360:BASIC</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="AlphaBasic" title="AlphaBasic">AlphaBasic</a></li>

<li><a href="Astro_BASIC" class="mw-redirect" title="Astro BASIC">Astro BASIC</a></li>

<li><a href="BASICODE" title="BASICODE">BASICODE</a></li>

<li><a href="Casio_BASIC" title="Casio BASIC">Casio BASIC</a></li>

<li><a href="CBASIC" title="CBASIC">CBASIC</a></li>

<li><a href="PBASIC" title="PBASIC">PBASIC</a></li>

<li><a href="SDS_BASIC" title="SDS BASIC">SDS BASIC</a></li>

<li><a href="Tiny_BASIC" title="Tiny BASIC">Tiny BASIC</a></li>

<li><a href="UBASIC" title="UBASIC">UBASIC</a></li>

<li><a href="ZBasic" title="ZBasic">ZBasic</a></li>

<li>ETBASIC</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="BASIC_extension" title="BASIC extension">Extenders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="BASIC_8" title="BASIC 8">BASIC 8</a></li>

<li>Graphics BASIC</li>

<li><a href="Simons'_BASIC" title="Simons' BASIC">Simons' BASIC</a></li>

<li><a href="Super_Expander" title="Super Expander">Super Expander</a></li>

<li><a href="Super_Expander_64" title="Super Expander 64">Super Expander 64</a></li>

<li><a href="YS_MegaBasic" title="YS MegaBasic">YS MegaBasic</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Procedural_programming" title="Procedural programming">Procedure</a>-<br>oriented</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="AmigaBASIC" class="mw-redirect" title="AmigaBASIC">AmigaBASIC</a></li>

<li><a href="AMOS_(programming_language)" title="AMOS (programming language)">AMOS BASIC</a></li>

<li><a href="BasicX" title="BasicX">BasicX</a></li>

<li><a href="Beta_BASIC" title="Beta BASIC">Beta BASIC</a></li>

<li><a href="FutureBASIC" title="FutureBASIC">FutureBASIC</a></li>

<li><a href="GRASS_(programming_language)" title="GRASS (programming language)">GRASS</a></li>

<li><a href="Liberty_BASIC" title="Liberty BASIC">Liberty BASIC</a></li>

<li><a href="MapBasic" title="MapBasic">MapBasic</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_BASIC" title="Mobile BASIC">Mobile BASIC</a></li>

<li><a href="OWBasic" class="mw-redirect" title="OWBasic">OWBasic</a></li>

<li><a href="PowerBASIC" title="PowerBASIC">PowerBASIC</a></li>

<li><a href="PureBasic" title="PureBasic">PureBasic</a></li>

<li><a href="Petit_Computer" title="Petit Computer">SmileBASIC</a></li>

<li><a href="Tiger-BASIC" title="Tiger-BASIC">Tiger-BASIC</a></li>

<li><a href="True_BASIC" title="True BASIC">True BASIC</a></li>

<li><a href="Turbo_Basic" class="mw-redirect" title="Turbo Basic">Turbo Basic</a></li>

<li><a href="WordBASIC" title="WordBASIC">WordBASIC</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Free_and_open_source" class="mw-redirect" title="Free and open source">Free and<br>open source</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Basic-256" title="Basic-256">Basic-256</a></li>

<li><a href="Basic4GL" title="Basic4GL">Basic4GL</a></li>

<li><a href="BBC_BASIC#Acorn_Archimedes_(RISC_OS)" title="BBC BASIC">BBC BASIC V</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Game_Creators" title="The Game Creators">DarkBASIC</a></li>

<li><a href="Euphoria_(programming_language)" title="Euphoria (programming language)">Euphoria</a></li>

<li><a href="Hindawi_Programming_System" title="Hindawi Programming System">Indic BASIC</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_Programming_Language" title="Open Programming Language">Open Programming Language</a></li>

<li><a href="SdlBasic" title="SdlBasic">SdlBasic</a></li>

<li><a href="SmallBASIC" title="SmallBASIC">SmallBASIC</a></li>

<li><a href="WxBasic" title="WxBasic">wxBasic</a></li>

<li><a href="XBasic" title="XBasic">XBasic</a></li>

<li><a href="XBLite" title="XBLite">Xblite</a></li>

<li><a href="Yabasic" title="Yabasic">Yabasic</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">With <a href="Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object</a><br>extensions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="AutoIt" title="AutoIt">AutoIt</a></li>

<li><a href="Chipmunk_Basic" title="Chipmunk Basic">Chipmunk Basic</a></li>

<li><a href="GLBasic" title="GLBasic">GLBasic</a></li>

<li><a href="LotusScript" title="LotusScript">LotusScript</a></li>

<li><a href="Morfik" title="Morfik">Morfik</a></li>

<li><a href="PowerBASIC" title="PowerBASIC">PowerBASIC</a></li>

<li>ProvideX</li>

<li>Run BASIC</li>

<li><a href="VBScript" title="VBScript">VBScript</a></li>

<li>VB 5 for <a href="Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel">Microsoft Excel</a> 5.0

<li><a href="Embedded_Visual_Basic" title="Embedded Visual Basic">Embedded Visual Basic</a></li>

<li>WinWrap Basic</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Blitz_BASIC" title="Blitz BASIC">BlitzMax</a></li>

<li><a href="FreeBASIC" title="FreeBASIC">FreeBASIC</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Small_Basic" title="Microsoft Small Basic">Microsoft Small Basic</a></li>

<li><a href="Mono_(software)" title="Mono (software)">Mono-Basic</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenOffice_Basic" title="OpenOffice Basic">OpenOffice Basic</a></li>

<li>ScriptBasic</li>

<li><a href="Roslyn_(compiler)" title="Roslyn (compiler)">Roslyn</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Rapid_application_development" title="Rapid application development">RAD</a><br><a href="GUI_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="GUI designer">designers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="CA-Realizer" title="CA-Realizer">CA-Realizer</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_Basic_(classic)" title="Visual Basic (classic)">Visual Basic (classic)</a></li>

<li><a href="NS_Basic" title="NS Basic">NS Basic</a></li>

<li><a href="RapidQ" title="RapidQ">RapidQ</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_Basic_(.NET)" title="Visual Basic (.NET)">Visual Basic .NET</a> (<a href="Mercury_(RemObjects_BASIC_programming_language)" title="Mercury (RemObjects BASIC programming language)">Mercury</a>)</li>

<ul><li>B4X (<a href="Basic4android" title="Basic4android">Basic4android</a>, <a href="Basic4ppc" title="Basic4ppc">Basic4ppc</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Gambas" title="Gambas">Gambas</a></li>

<li><a href="FreeBASIC" title="FreeBASIC">WinFBE, Visual FB Editor</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Altair_BASIC" title="Altair BASIC">Altair BASIC</a></li>

<li><a href="Applesoft_BASIC" title="Applesoft BASIC">Applesoft BASIC</a></li>

<li><a href="Apple_Business_BASIC" title="Apple Business BASIC">Apple Business BASIC</a></li>

<li><a href="Atari_BASIC" title="Atari BASIC">Atari BASIC</a></li>

<li><a href="Atari_Microsoft_BASIC" title="Atari Microsoft BASIC">Atari Microsoft BASIC</a></li>

<li><a href="Atari_ST_BASIC" title="Atari ST BASIC">Atari ST BASIC</a></li>

<li><a href="BASIC_A%2B" title="BASIC A+">BASIC A+</a></li>

<li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#BASIC_XE">BASIC XE</a></li>

<li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#BASIC_XL">BASIC XL</a></li>

<li><a href="BASIC_Programming" title="BASIC Programming"><i>BASIC Programming</i> (Atari 2600)</a></li>

<li><a href="BBC_BASIC" title="BBC BASIC">BBC BASIC</a></li>

<li><a href="Benton_Harbor_BASIC" title="Benton Harbor BASIC">Benton Harbor BASIC</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_BASIC" title="Chinese BASIC">Chinese BASIC</a></li>

<li><a href="Commodore_BASIC" title="Commodore BASIC">Commodore BASIC</a></li>

<li><a href="Color_BASIC" title="Color BASIC">Color BASIC</a></li>

<li><a href="Dartmouth_BASIC" title="Dartmouth BASIC">Dartmouth BASIC</a></li>

<li><a href="Disk_Extended_Color_BASIC" title="Disk Extended Color BASIC">Disk Extended Color BASIC</a></li>

<li><a href="Extended_Color_BASIC" title="Extended Color BASIC">Extended Color BASIC</a></li>

<li><a href="Family_BASIC" title="Family BASIC">Family BASIC</a></li>

<li><a href="GFA_BASIC" title="GFA BASIC">GFA BASIC</a></li>

<li><a href="GW-BASIC" title="GW-BASIC">GW-BASIC</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_BASIC" title="IBM BASIC">IBM BASIC</a></li>

<li><a href="JR-BASIC" title="JR-BASIC">JR-BASIC</a></li>

<li><a href="MacBASIC" title="MacBASIC">MacBASIC</a></li>

<li><a href="MBASIC" title="MBASIC">MBASIC</a></li>

<li><a href="MSX_BASIC" title="MSX BASIC">MSX BASIC</a></li>

<li><a href="MS_BASIC_for_Macintosh" title="MS BASIC for Macintosh">MS BASIC for Macintosh</a></li>

<li><a href="QBasic" title="QBasic">QBasic</a></li>

<li><a href="QuickBASIC" title="QuickBASIC">QuickBASIC</a></li>

<li><a href="S-BASIC" title="S-BASIC">S-BASIC</a></li>

<li><a href="Sinclair_BASIC" title="Sinclair BASIC">Sinclair BASIC</a></li>

<li><a href="STOS_BASIC" title="STOS BASIC">STOS BASIC</a></li>

<li><a href="SuperBASIC" title="SuperBASIC">SuperBASIC</a></li>

<li><a href="TI_BASIC_(TI_99/4A)" title="TI BASIC (TI 99/4A)">TI BASIC (TI 99/4A)</a></li>

<li><a href="Turbo-BASIC_XL" title="Turbo-BASIC XL">Turbo-BASIC XL</a></li>

<li><a href="Vilnius_BASIC" title="Vilnius BASIC">Vilnius BASIC</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2027332#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata498" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2027332#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata498" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/139593762">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83152045">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2024-05-16" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Optimized_Systems_Software&oldid=1224119009">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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